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Getting an AuthnRequest to AirlineInc by using an Artifact
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AirlineInc.com
John Doe
1. http://www.AirlineInc.com
CarRentalInc.com
2. HTTP Redirect
3. https://www.AirlineInc.com/redirect?
   SAMLart=https://www.CarRentalInc.com
CarRentalInc wants to issue an AuthnRequest.  But rather than sending an <AuthnRequest> directly, it sends an artifact.  In this case the artifact is CarRentalInc's URL (note: the URL would typically be encoded).